Still recovering from the pandemic crisis, our increasingly globalised world has been immersed in a war with far-reaching repercussions. Despite the threats and destruction to which our planet has been subjected, a multiplicity of ecosystems persists even though they are suffering a critical loss of biodiversity. It is very common to find a combination of dynamic, multifunctional territories in these ecosystems neighboured by others in decline, where development and sustainability are at stake. These spaces show the indelible effects of climate change and particularly of human intervention, further aggravated by the ongoing war in Europe. However, awareness of these critical issues is growing and their impact on the environmental, economic and social levels has fostered the need for intervention at multiple different scales. Thus, strategies are being drafted that focus on inclusive development based not only on the conservation of landscapes and heritage but also on the revitalisation of social frameworks. To achieve these aims, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN and embodied in the ‘Agenda 2030’ are of mandatory reference, representing imperative challenges in the current context of warfare in the European area which aggravates social inequalities and environmental problems.